Question 1

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

Accepted Answer

A)   so many different species of animals,including humans,can be classically conditioned.
B)   so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned.
C)   it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively.
D)   of all of these reasons.E) None of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 2

Respondent behavior is defined as a(n) ________ response to some stimulus.

Accepted Answer

A)   novel
B)   operant
C)   automatic
D)   generalizedE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 3

Most psychologists think that the use of punishment is

Accepted Answer

A)   ineffective in even temporarily restraining unwanted behavior.
B)   more effective than negative reinforcers in shaping behavior.
C)   the opposite of positive reinforcers and thus is its psychological equivalent in terms of changing behavior.
D)   less effective than positive reinforcers in promoting desirable behavior.E) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 4

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-interval
B)   variable-interval
C)   fixed-ratio
D)   variable-ratioE) A) and B)
F) C) and D)

Question 5

When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana,the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence.This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   instinctive drift.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   observational learning.
D)   shaping.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 6

A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on

Accepted Answer

A)   an organism's behavior in response to environmental stimulation.
B)   the amount of time between the presentation of the CS and the US.
C)   how frequently an organism is exposed to an association of a CS and a US.
D)   an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.E) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 7

Skinner developed a procedure to guide a rat's actions toward a desired behavior.The procedure is known as

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   secondary conditioning.
D)   variable-interval scheduling.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-interval
B)   variable-interval
C)   fixed-ratio
D)   variable-ratioE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 9

A CS for sexual arousal is ecologically relevant if it is similar to stimuli associated with sexual activity in an organism's

Accepted Answer

A)   cognitive map.
B)   natural environment.
C)   fixed-interval reinforcement schedule.
D)   mirror neurons.E) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 10

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned response.
B)   unconditioned response.
C)   unconditioned stimulus.
D)   conditioned stimulus.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer.This best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)   respondent behavior.
B)   negative reinforcement.
C)   secondary reinforcement.
D)   spontaneous recovery.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

Accepted Answer

A)   can interfere with the process of learning.
B)   can be extinguished.
C)   are acquired through observational learning.
D)   may be produced through classical conditioning.E) A) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 13

Rats most easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

Accepted Answer

A)   loud sounds.
B)   bright lights.
C)   novel tastes.
D)   high-pitched sounds.E) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 14

Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work.The money was a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   primary reinforcer.
B)   spontaneous recovery.
C)   conditioned reinforcer.
D)   operant behavior.E) B) and D)
F) C) and D)

Question 15

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   variable-ratio
C)   fixed-interval
D)   variable-intervalE) C) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 16

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

Accepted Answer

A)   UR.
B)   US.
C)   CR.
D)   CS.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 17

The violence-viewing effect is especially likely when the observed violence

Accepted Answer

A)   causes visible harm.
B)   goes unpunished.
C)   seems unjustified.
D)   is committed by an unattractive person.E) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 18

Dr.Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet.Obviously,Dr.Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.

Accepted Answer

A)   operant chamber
B)   variable-ratio schedule
C)   Pavlovian maze
D)   fixed-ratio scheduleE) B) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 19

In teaching her son to play basketball,Mrs.Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still,then only for walking while dribbling,and finally only for running while dribbling.She is using a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

A)   generalization.
B)   partial reinforcement.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   shaping.E) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 20

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones.This illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   higher-order conditioning.
B)   extinction.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   discrimination.E) None of the above
F) C) and D)

Exam 8: Learning

Matt regularly buckles his seat belt simply because it turns off the car's irritating warning buzzer.This best illustrates the value of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Skinner developed a procedure to guide a rat's actions toward a desired behavior.The procedure is known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When one monkey sees a second monkey touch four pictures in a certain order to gain a banana,the first monkey learns to imitate that sequence.This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winnings on a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A psychologist who emphasizes cognitive processes would be likely to suggest that classical conditioning depends on

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dr.Raheja places a rat in a small cage where it learns to press a bar to obtain a food pellet.Obviously,Dr.Raheja is using a(n) ________ to study learning.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Some of Pavlov's dogs learned to salivate to the sound of one particular tone and not to other tones.This illustrates the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Rats most easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work.The money was a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In teaching her son to play basketball,Mrs.Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still,then only for walking while dribbling,and finally only for running while dribbling.She is using a procedure known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most psychologists think that the use of punishment is

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In Pavlov's experiments,the taste of food triggered the dog's salivation.Salivation to the taste of food was a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The violence-viewing effect is especially likely when the observed violence

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Respondent behavior is defined as a(n) ________ response to some stimulus.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A CS for sexual arousal is ecologically relevant if it is similar to stimuli associated with sexual activity in an organism's

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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