Question 1

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

Accepted Answer

A)   generalization.
B)   intermittent reinforcement.
C)   shaping.
D)   secondary reinforcement.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

Accepted Answer

A)   secondary
B)   partial
C)   negative
D)   positiveE) A) and C)
F) B) and C)

Question 3

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   classical conditioning.
B)   latent learning.
C)   observational learning.
D)   operant conditioning.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

Children can learn to fear the persons and places associated with their punishment. This best illustrates

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcement.
B)   the law of effect.
C)   latent learning.
D)   classical conditioning.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 5

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Accepted Answer

A)   specified time period has elapsed.
B)   unpredictable time period has elapsed.
C)   specified number of responses have been made.
D)   unpredictable number of responses have been made.E) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 6

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a

Accepted Answer

A)   positive reinforcer.
B)   negative reinforcer.
C)   positive punishment.
D)   negative punishment.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 7

Positive punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding.

Accepted Answer

A)   increases; decreases
B)   decreases; increases
C)   decreases; decreases
D)   has no effect on; decreasesE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 8

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   variable-ratio
C)   fixed-interval
D)   variable-intervalE) None of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 9

Respondent behavior is a(n)  ________ response, whereas operant behavior is a(n)  ________ response.

Accepted Answer

A)   conditioned; unconditioned
B)   conscious; unconscious
C)   punishing; rewarding
D)   automatic; voluntaryE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 10

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because

Accepted Answer

A)   the more severely children are punished for undesirable behaviors, the more likely they will exhibit those behaviors.
B)   children will forget how to perform punished behaviors even when the behaviors may be justified and necessary.
C)   the use of punishment could condition children to fear the teachers and avoid school.
D)   punishment cannot even temporarily restrain undesirable behaviors.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 11

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified number of responses is called a ________ schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   variable-ratio
C)   fixed-interval
D)   variable-intervalE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 12

Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

Accepted Answer

A)   primary reinforcement.
B)   classical conditioning.
C)   spontaneous recovery.
D)   operant conditioning.E) A) and B)
F) All of the above

Question 13

To modify your own behavior using operant conditioning principles, you should

Accepted Answer

A)   monitor and record the actual frequency of the operant behavior you wish to promote.
B)   formulate goals for behavior change that are a bit more ambitious than what you can actually accomplish.
C)   carefully observe and imitate the specific behaviors practiced by others who have successfully achieved your goals.
D)   systematically reinforce the operant behavior you wish to promote with delayed rather than immediate reinforcers.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 14

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

Accepted Answer

A)   shaping.
B)   modeling.
C)   discrimination.
D)   delayed reinforcement.E) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 15

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.

Accepted Answer

A)   negative reinforcer
B)   conditioned stimulus
C)   positive reinforcer
D)   punishmentE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 16

A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-ratio
B)   fixed-interval
C)   variable-ratio
D)   variable-intervalE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 17

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed
B)   primary
C)   positive
D)   continuousE) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 18

Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be best advised to

Accepted Answer

A)   simply ignore her complaining.
B)   provide her with a very small drink of water.
C)   close her bedroom door to indicate that they disapprove of her whining.
D)   read her a short story so she forgets about wanting a drink.E) All of the above
F) B) and D)

Question 19

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

Accepted Answer

A)   delayed reinforcement.
B)   latent learning.
C)   generalization.
D)   shaping.E) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 20

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Accepted Answer

A)   fixed-interval
B)   variable-interval
C)   fixed-ratio
D)   variable-ratioE) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Exam 21: A: Operant Conditioning

Coffee shops that reward customers with a free cup of coffee after every 10 coffee purchases are using a ________ reinforcement schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Jacinda has a glass of wine after work because it relieves her anxiety. Her wine drinking is likely to continue because it is followed by a ________ reinforcer.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Positive punishment ________ the rate of operant responding, and negative punishment ________ the rate of operant responding.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To teach an animal to perform a complex sequence of behaviors, animal trainers are most likely to use a procedure known as

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

To modify your own behavior using operant conditioning principles, you should

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Punishment is a potentially hazardous way for teachers to control young children's behaviors because

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A choppy stop-start pattern of operant responding is associated with the ________ schedule of reinforcement.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is a

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Respondent behavior is a(n) ________ response, whereas operant behavior is a(n) ________ response.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A variable-ratio schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Golf instruction that reinforces short putts before attempting to reinforce long putts best illustrates the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The more often Matthew is scolded following a temper tantrum, the more frequently he loses his temper. In this case, the scolding serves as a ________ for Matthew's temper tantrums.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after a specified time has elapsed is a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Although 5-year-old Katelyn is not really thirsty, she frequently begins whining for a glass of water about 10 minutes after being put to bed. Her parents would be best advised to

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Children can learn to fear the persons and places associated with their punishment. This best illustrates

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after a specified number of responses is called a ________ schedule.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Julio's mother has been giving him gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night. After about a week, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Innately satisfying stimuli that fulfill biological needs are called ________ reinforcers.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Learning associations between one's own personal actions and resulting events is most relevant to the process of

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Positive punishment the rate of operant responding, and negative punishment the rate of operant responding.

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Respondent behavior is a(n) response, whereas operant behavior is a(n) response.

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