Question 1

What is the drop in water surface elevation divided by the distance the water flows?

Accepted Answer

A)   stream gradient
B)   stream discharge
C)   hydrologic resistance
D)   hydraulic capacityE) B) and C)
F) A) and B)

Question 2

_______are characteristics of downcutting streams and a youthful stage of valley evolution.

Accepted Answer

A)   Meandering channels and natural levees
B)   Rapids and whitewater
C)   Wide floodplains
D)   U- shaped, cross- valley profilesE) B) and D)
F) A) and D)

Question 3

When did Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior drain via the Nipissing spillway to the Ottawa River and the St. Lawrence?

Accepted Answer

A)   in the Archean, prior to 2.5 b.y. ago as recorded by bedrock lithologies
B)   in the Early Holocene between 10,500 and 5,500, prior to glacial isostatic rebound
C)   prior to the 1930s when the waters were diverted to run hydroelectric stations and create the tourist attraction of Niagara Falls
D)   in the 1920s by damming the rivers to make paths for the early log drivesE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 4

A dam and reservoir are constructed on a graded river. What will happen?

Accepted Answer

A)   deposition upstream from the dam; channel downcutting below
B)   channel downcutting upstream and downstream from the dam
C)   deposition upstream and downstream from the dam
D)   channel downcutting upstream from the dam; deposition belowE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 5

Where would you expect to find the coarsest particle size in delta sediments?

Accepted Answer

A)   distributary channels
B)   foreset beds
C)   bottomset beds
D)   topset bedsE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 6

The bottom of a stream's channel is called its_____________ .

Accepted Answer

The answer of The bottom of a stream's channel is...

Question 7

The__________ describes the movement of water through Earth's hydrosphere.

Accepted Answer

A)   precipitation cycle
B)   aqualytic cycle
C)   aquatic cycle
D)   hydrologic cycleE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 8

_________make up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams.

Accepted Answer

A)   Dissolved salts
B)   Silt and clay- sized, detrital grains
C)   Coarse sand and gravel that move during floods
D)   Dissolved ions and fine sandE) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 9

Why is a bird-foot delta like that of the present-day Mississippi below New Orleans likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case Greek letter delta (̇Δ) ?

Accepted Answer

A)   Increased sediment loads since the mid-19th century have caused the major distributaries to be filled with sand.
B)   Present-day distributaries have higher gradients than potential new ones.
C)   Potential, new, distributary channels have higher gradients, causing downcutting of the existing channels.
D)   Potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than existing channels.E) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 10

Which one of the following best fits with floodplain widening?

Accepted Answer

A)   youthful stream; downcutting and waterfall retreat
B)   mature stream; lateral cutting and point bar deposition
C)   old age stream; rapid erosion of a delta
D)   stream rejuvenation; downcutting and meanderingE) B) and C)
F) A) and C)

Question 11

_________is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.

Accepted Answer

A)   A horsetail
B)   A yazoo
C)   An oxbow
D)   A gatorbackE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 12

Which of the following statements is false about an anastomosing stream?

Accepted Answer

A)   have deep, interwoven, multiple channels
B)   channels shift frequently
C)   resemble braided streams
D)   channels are separated by stable vegetated islandsE) C) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 13

Which one of the following statements correctly describes how stream terraces can form?

Accepted Answer

A)   Base level rises; the stream downcuts, and the old floodplain is left well above the elevation of the present- day channel.
B)   A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream builds its channel upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream.
C)   A temporary base level is eliminated; the stream downcuts upstream from the old temporary base level, and the former floodplain is left well above the present elevation of the stream.
D)   Base level drops; the stream aggrades its channel, and the former floodplain is left below the present elevation of the stream.E) All of the above
F) None of the above

Question 14

A ________stream pattern is developed only on growing mountains like volcanoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upward as over intrusions or salt diapirs.

Accepted Answer

A)   dendritic
B)   boreal
C)   trellis
D)   radialE) A) and C)
F) None of the above

Question 15

_______describes the amount of water flowing past a certain point at any given time.

Accepted Answer

A)   Competence
B)   Discharge
C)   Hydro- load factor
D)   CapacityE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 16

Entrenched meanders are evidence for what sequence of geologic events?

Accepted Answer

A)   Lateral cutting by streams was followed by subsidence of the land.
B)   Stream downcutting was followed by a rise in base level.
C)   Land uplift was followed by stream downcutting.
D)   A sea level rise was followed by stream downcutting.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 17

Which of the following are not methods of flood control?

Accepted Answer

A)   channelization
B)   artificial levees
C)   flood- control dams
D)   demolishing damsE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 18

Which one of the following statements is true concerning natural levees?

Accepted Answer

A)   Erosional features are left behind when meander cutoff occurs.
B)   They form the high, steep banks of a downcutting stream.
C)   Depositional features formed at times of low discharge.
D)   Mostly fine sand and silt build up during overbank floods.E) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 19

In the absence of cutoff, how does a river meander loop behave over time?

Accepted Answer

A)   The gradient is raised as the loop shortens, and the channel migrates away from the cut or outer bank of the loop.
B)   The gradient is lowered as the channel lengthens and migrates toward the cut or outer bank of the loop.
C)   The gradient is lowered as the loop shortens, and the channel migrates toward the shallow inner bank of the loop.
D)   The gradient is raised as the loop lengthens, and the channel migrates toward the cut or inner bank of the loop.E) A) and B)
F) A) and C)

Question 20

What would cause a river to have a series of terraces lying at different elevations, all above its modern floodplain?

Accepted Answer

A)   incision due to uplift or lowered base level
B)   deranged drainage patterns
C)   agrarian alien visitors in the geologic past constructing paddies
D)   progressive decreases in rainfall in its headwatersE) None of the above
F) A) and C)

Exam 7: Metamorphism and Metamorphic Rocks

_______are characteristics of downcutting streams and a youthful stage of valley evolution.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In the absence of cutoff, how does a river meander loop behave over time?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following statements is false about an anastomosing stream?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The bottom of a stream's channel is called its_____________ .

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which of the following are not methods of flood control?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_________make up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The__________ describes the movement of water through Earth's hydrosphere.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_______describes the amount of water flowing past a certain point at any given time.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What would cause a river to have a series of terraces lying at different elevations, all above its modern floodplain?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

What is the drop in water surface elevation divided by the distance the water flows?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A dam and reservoir are constructed on a graded river. What will happen?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

A ________stream pattern is developed only on growing mountains like volcanoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upward as over intrusions or salt diapirs.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Where would you expect to find the coarsest particle size in delta sediments?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Entrenched meanders are evidence for what sequence of geologic events?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When did Lakes Michigan, Huron, and Superior drain via the Nipissing spillway to the Ottawa River and the St. Lawrence?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

_________is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Why is a bird-foot delta like that of the present-day Mississippi below New Orleans likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case Greek letter delta (̇Δ) ?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following statements is true concerning natural levees?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following best fits with floodplain widening?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which one of the following statements correctly describes how stream terraces can form?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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