Question 1

In operant conditioning,a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   reinforcer
B)   punishment
C)   neutral stimulus
D)   conditioned stimulusE) All of the above
F) A) and C)

Question 2

Training infants with letter and number flash cards,as well as educational tablet applications,__________.

Accepted Answer

A)   yields smarter "superbabies" who are ready for the challenge of formal education
B)   increases the size of the prefrontal cortex, which governs complex cognition
C)   increases the brain's capacity for impulse control and stress management
D)   can cause them to withdraw, thereby creating conditions much like stimulus deprivationE) A) and B)
F) B) and D)

Question 3

Among the __________,babies hold their heads up,sit alone,and walk considerably earlier than North American infants.

Accepted Answer

A)   Gusii of Kenya
B)   West Indians of Jamaica
C)   rural northeastern Chinese
D)   Zinacanteco Indians of southern MexicoE) B) and C)
F) A) and D)

Question 4

Dr.Sardoza is interested in research on the organization and interpretation of what we see.Dr.Sardoza studies __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   sensation
B)   habituation
C)   perception
D)   imitationE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 5

Which learning experiences should Cheryl,a caregiver,use to promote experience-expectant brain growth?

Accepted Answer

A)   reading and writing
B)   playing a game of peekaboo
C)   playing computer games
D)   practicing the pianoE) A) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 6

Which statement about brain plasticity is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   A highly plastic cerebral cortex has a low capacity for learning.
B)   Damage to a highly plastic cerebral cortex means that the abilities it controls cannot be recovered.
C)   Many areas of a highly plastic cerebral cortex are not yet committed to specific functions.
D)   The brain is the most plastic during adolescence.E) None of the above
F) All of the above

Question 7

Newborn Farrah will probably look longer at __________ human and animal faces than __________ ones.

Accepted Answer

A)   upside-down; upright
B)   unattractive; attractive
C)   directly gazing; sleeping
D)   sideways; uprightE) B) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 8

Synapses __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   decrease dramatically during the first year
B)   are tiny gaps between neighboring neurons
C)   are pruned during mitosis
D)   are responsible for myelinationE) All of the above
F) A) and B)

Question 9

In operant conditioning,__________.

Accepted Answer

A)   a neutral stimulus is paired with a conditioned stimulus that leads to a reflexive response
B)   babies build expectations about stimulus events, but do not influence the stimuli that occur
C)   infants act, and stimuli that follow their behavior change the probability that the behavior will occur again
D)   once a baby's nervous system makes the connection between two stimuli, the neutral stimulus produces the behaviorE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 10

Between 4 and 7 months,infants __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   prefer nonspeech over human speech
B)   display a sense of musical phrasing
C)   recognize the same melody when it is played in different keys
D)   prefer listening to a rhythmically distinct foreign language rather than their native tongueE) A) and D)
F) B) and C)

Question 11

Which statement about motor development is true?

Accepted Answer

A)   Motor skills are interrelated.
B)   Motor skills are separate, innate abilities.
C)   Children acquire motor skills on a fixed maturational timetable.
D)   Children acquire motor skills in the sequence implied by motor norms.E) A) and D)
F) A) and C)

Question 12

The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are responsible for __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   receiving sensory information
B)   physical movement
C)   complex thought
D)   language developmentE) A) and D)
F) None of the above

Question 13

Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him.What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

Accepted Answer

A)   Parents and infants usually sleep on soft surfaces and use quilts and comforters.
B)   Parents typically place their infants on their stomachs to sleep.
C)   Parents and infants usually sleep with light covering on hard surfaces.
D)   Parents usually assume a distinctive sleeping posture by turning their backs to the infant.E) C) and D)
F) A) and B)

Question 14

If learning has occurred in classical conditioning,and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response,the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   neutral response
B)   conditioned stimulus
C)   conditioned response
D)   reinforcerE) C) and D)
F) B) and D)

Question 15

__________ greatly influences the organization of the cerebral cortex.

Accepted Answer

A)   Heredity
B)   Body weight
C)   A quiet environment
D)   Early experienceE) All of the above
F) B) and C)

Question 16

When skeletal ages are examined at birth,__________.

Accepted Answer

A)   the sexes differ by about 4 to 6 weeks
B)   boys are considerably ahead of girls
C)   European-American children tend to be ahead of African-American children
D)   there are no discernable differences between boys and girlsE) B) and C)
F) B) and D)

Question 17

Brain growth is especially dramatic during __________,when the brain more than doubles in size.

Accepted Answer

A)   the first year
B)   the second year
C)   middle childhood
D)   adolescenceE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 18

Most chubby babies __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   become overweight adults
B)   are bottle-fed rather than breastfed
C)   are less active than normal-weight babies
D)   thin out during toddlerhood and early childhoodE) All of the above
F) A) and D)

Question 19

Neurons __________.

Accepted Answer

A)   are gaps between body cells
B)   are tightly packed together
C)   are responsible for myelination
D)   store and transmit informationE) A) and B)
F) B) and C)

Question 20

Newborn Sam's __________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.

Accepted Answer

A)   heart
B)   brain
C)   spinal cord
D)   femurE) B) and C)
F) None of the above

Exam 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood

Which statement about brain plasticity is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

__________ greatly influences the organization of the cerebral cortex.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Synapses __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Brain growth is especially dramatic during __________,when the brain more than doubles in size.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Among the __________,babies hold their heads up,sit alone,and walk considerably earlier than North American infants.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Rachel is concerned that she might accidentally suffocate her baby if she shares a bed with him.What information can you share with Rachel about precautions taken in cultures where cosleeping is widespread?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Between 4 and 7 months,infants __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Training infants with letter and number flash cards,as well as educational tablet applications,__________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In operant conditioning,a stimulus that increases the occurrence of a response is called a __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Newborn Farrah will probably look longer at __________ human and animal faces than __________ ones.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which statement about motor development is true?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Neurons __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Most chubby babies __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Newborn Sam's __________ is nearer to its adult size than any other physical structure.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

When skeletal ages are examined at birth,__________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

In operant conditioning,__________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Which learning experiences should Cheryl,a caregiver,use to promote experience-expectant brain growth?

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

Dr.Sardoza is interested in research on the organization and interpretation of what we see.Dr.Sardoza studies __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

The cortical regions with the most extended period of development are responsible for __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

If learning has occurred in classical conditioning,and the neutral stimulus by itself produces a response similar to the reflexive response,the neutral stimulus is then called a __________.

Correct AnswerverifiedShow Answer

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Newborn Farrah will probably look longer at human and animal faces than ones.

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